HMGB1 and neoplasm: Specifically, cuproptosis elicits dual effects: on one hand, it upregulates PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, potentially enhancing their susceptibility to ICIs; on the other hand, it induces robust ICD, characterized by the release of DAMPs, such as HMGB1, ATP, and cytosolic DNA, which collectively promote DC maturation and CTL infiltration 105.