TNF and neoplasm: While M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-12) and enhance antigen presentation to activate antitumor immunity, M2 macrophages promote tumor progression through the secretion of immunosuppressive factors (e.g., interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β) and angiogenesis-promoting molecules 42.