AKT1 and keloid: In keloids, DJ-1 inactivates PTEN via redox-dependent S-nitrosylation, thereby activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, which enhances fibroblast proliferation, migration, invasion, and collagen overproduction (Guo et al., 2012; Li et al., 2024; Lv et al., 2023).