REN and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: As a major risk factor for CKD, obesity is associated with hemodynamic changes, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and dysregulation of adipokines, all of which contribute to glomerular hypertrophy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), the hallmark pathological features of ORG (Fan and Jiang, 2007; Atilla and Engin, 2017; Huang et al., 2023).