CCL2 and bacterial vaginosis: A previous pilot study of immune biomarkers in women who experienced sexual assault in the past 12 weeks (n=13) reported increased genital IL-1α and decreased genital MCP-1 and plasma MIP-3α in exposed women,30 although this may be due in part to the significantly different BV prevalences in exposed and unexposed women in this study, since BV has important immune effects and was not controlled for in the immune analysis.