A comparison of HIIE and MICE in mid-stage CKD reported improved endothelial responsiveness and reduced oxidative stress markers (e.g., asymmetric dimethylarginine [ADMA]) for both, with MICE uniquely elevating antioxidant levels such as paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) [117]. This evidence concerns the gene PON1 and chronic kidney disease.