Lastly, a 3D tumor spheroid formation assay revealed that the spheroid sizes were significantly smaller in USP11-KO HCT-15 and USP11-KO HT-29 cells treated with HKLM or LPS than in their respective Ctrl cells (Fig. 6A, B, USP11-KO HCT-15 treated with HKLM or LPS vs. Ctrl HCT-15 treated with HKLM or LPS; Fig. 6C, D, USP11-KO HT-29 treated with HKLM or LPS vs. Ctrl HT-29 treated with HKLM or LPS). Here, USP11 is linked to neoplasm.