TLR4 and Parkinson disease: Chronic inflammationin inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn’s disease, ulcerativecolitis), atherosclerosis,−,  diabetes, ocular diseases, autoimmune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are generatedby TLR4 (over)­stimulation by DAMPs.,−, , , , , , , , ,  In the same way, excessive TLR4 activation by DAMPs is also keyto neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’sdisease (AD),,, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),, or Parkinson’sdisease (PD).,,