Accordingly, HDAC9 has been widely studied in the context of metabolic disease [54,57,86], cardiovascular disease (with an emphasis on atherosclerosis and cardiac hypertrophy) [54,57,86,87], immunity [54,57,86,87], and cancer [54,57,86], with a more recent appreciation of its relevance in placental biology [34,40]. This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and atherosclerosis.