Genome-wide association studies have linked risk alleles that increase HDAC9 expression to atherosclerosis, and emerging research has identified nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as key downstream targets of HDAC9 in the regulation of vascular inflammation [163,164]. Here, HDAC9 is linked to atherosclerosis.