TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: This is supported by clinical data from Majid et al., who showed that T2DM patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors had more favorable profiles of neuroinflammatory biomarkers, including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1 beta, and IL-6, compared to patients treated with sulfonylureas [16].