DPP4 and vascular dementia: The consistent finding in observational studies of a reduced risk of vascular dementia associated with SGLT2 inhibitor use provides strong clinical support for this vascular-mediated mechanism of neuroprotection, as shown in the study by Chiang et al., in which the risk of vascular dementia was significantly reduced (HR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.49-0.70) compared to DPP-4 inhibitors [5].