In CRC, EPI drives HT‐29 proliferation through β1/β2‐ARs/cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) signaling pathways [171], while in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, β‐ARs promote progression via ERK/COX‐2 [172]. Here, MAPK1 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.