The development and progression of cancer may be affected by a number of factors, including hyperactivation of membrane receptors (RTKs or GPCRs), mutation and amplification of PI3K (Triscott and Rubin, 2018; Voutsadakis, 2023), inactivation or deletion of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (Bergholz et al., 2023; Chow and Baker, 2006), and/or overactivation of AKT (Altomare and Testa, 2005; Zhang et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and cancer.