TLR4 and Sepsis: Ultimately, multiple signaling axes, including TLR4, IL-18, NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (NOX4), and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-1/3 (JAK/STAT1/3) pathway, contribute to sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (Nozaki et al., 2017; Yoo et al., 2020; Lee et al., 2024).