TGFB1 and diabetic kidney disease: Collectively, these evidences from both single-agent and combination studies confirms that multiple ginsenosides, including Rg1 and Rg3, confer protection against inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy progression through diverse pathways such as PI3K/AKT, TGF-β1, NF-κB, MAPK, and PPAR signaling (Table 3; Figure 2).