For instance, Panax notoginseng saponins exhibit renoprotection against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury and lupus nephritis comparable to those of ginsenosides, but act primarily through HIF-1α/mitochondrial pathways (Li Q. et al., 2020) and macrophage-derived exosome–mediated autophagy (Pan et al., 2025). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is lupus nephritis.