TNF and neoplasm: Simultaneously, they secrete cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which not only directly inhibit tumor cell growth but also recruit and activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells, to collaborate in forming a comprehensive immune attack network, striving to annihilate tumor cells in one fell swoop (15, 16).