STING1 and rheumatoid arthritis: In OA, cGAS–STING–mediated inflammatory amplification and remodeling of the synovial–cartilage immune milieu support context-dependent modulation within an immunotherapeutic framework; in parallel, extracellular vesicle (EV)–based delivery enables joint-localized administration of cGAS–STING modulators (106), and recent RA-focused immunomodulation work further substantiates the therapeutic rationale (107).