HDACs have been shown to trigger the secretion of profibrotic cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which are key regulators of inflammation and fibrosis [50,51], but the specific role of HDACs in the pathogenesis of PF remains uncertain (Figure 1). Here, TNF is linked to pemphigus foliaceus.