DDOST and chronic primary adrenal insufficiency: Murine genetic studies have demonstrated that homozygous Ddost ablation results in embryonic lethality, while heterozygous deletion elicits a spectrum of somatic abnormalities, including adrenal hypoplasia, splenic atrophy, lymphadenopathy and impaired erythropoiesis, indicating the indispensable role of DDOST in mammalian development and homeostasis73,74.