E. coli infection activates GSK-3β through dephosphorylation at Ser9, active GSK-3β binds and degrades NRF2 via the proteasome pathway, and NRF2 suppression disrupts antioxidant defenses (SLC7A11/GPX4 and GCLC/GSH) and iron homeostasis (FTH1), triggering ferroptosis in BEECs (Figure 8). Here, GPX4 is linked to escherichia coli infection.