CD274 and neoplasm: For instance, Yang et al. revealed that the NSUN2-ALYREF complex stabilizes PD-L1 mRNA in an m5C-dependent manner, thereby enhancing PD-L1 expression and facilitating tumor immune evasion [136]; Furthermore, in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), tumor-derived exosomes mediate NSUN2 transfer between malignant cells, where NSUN2 maintains PD-L1 mRNA stability through m5C modification, ultimately promoting DLBCL proliferation, M2 macrophage polarization, and immune escape [137].