Transient OSM–OSMR activation can be cardioprotective in acute settings: in myocardial infarction and ischaemia/reperfusion models, short-term OSM signaling promotes cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation with functional recovery, improves post-infarct remodeling, and limits I/R injury by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin sensitivity [21,41,42]. Here, INS is linked to myocardial infarction.