TNF and infection: The present study revealed highly statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in TNF-α and MMP9 levels with increasing the multiplicity of infection, including single infection (33.94 ± 1.19 and 0.82 ± 0.024), double infection (48.42 ± 1.56 and 1.18 ± 0.11), and three or more parasites (47.80 ± 0.47 and 1.4 ± 0.01).