TNF and parasitic infectious disease: Previous studies revealed that several predisposing risk factors, such as age, malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, living or traveling in endemic areas, comorbidities, immunomodulatory therapy, including corticosteroids, azathioprine, and methotrexate, and biologic therapy such as anti-TNF agents increase the risk for parasitic infection, resulting in the suppression of innate immunity and dissemination of the parasitic infection [55–58].