TGFB1 and neoplasm: Kupffer cells release a broad spectrum of immunosuppressive and tumor-promoting mediators, including IL-10, TGF-β, IL-6, VEGF, and MMPs, which collectively inhibit dendritic-cell differentiation and antigen presentation while fostering tumor cell invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis [37], which may explain the impaired accumulation of mature DCs in LM.