On the other hand, normal cell hypertrophy, especially in myofibers, involves the activation of signaling molecules such as Myc, hypoxia-inducible factor, and Pi3k–Akt–mTor, which regulate metabolic reprogramming in cancer by increasing glucose uptake in the presence of oxygen (Wackerhage et al., 2022; DeBerardinis and Chandel, 2016; Semenza, 2012). Here, MTOR is linked to cancer.