ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DRI, direct renin inhibitor; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction; RAAS, renin–angiotensin system; RAAS, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, ACE is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.