The link from p38 MAPK activation to these apoptotic outcomes involves immediate downstream targets such as transcription factors ATF2 and MEF2C, which phosphorylate pro‐apoptotic regulators like Bad and Bim, triggering mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase‐9/3 activation, ultimately exacerbating HF remodeling [26, 27]. This evidence concerns the gene ATF2 and hydrops fetalis.