While TNF-α contributes to immune escape and tumor progression by facilitating the biological activity and/or expansion of immunosuppressive cells (42), IL-2 has a dual role since it promotes proliferation and activation of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, thereby supporting antitumor responses, but may also expand regulatory T cells, potentially dampening immune activation in chronic settings (43, 44). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.