For dietary interventions: branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation can improve malnutrition and sarcopenia in COPD patients while regulating the mTOR signaling pathway; increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., Omega-3) can ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders and alleviate inflammatory responses (123–125). Here, MTOR is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.