PDCD1 and cholangiocarcinoma: While clinical evidence suggested that immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) like anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy alone could barely induce a higher objective response in patients with advanced ICC compared with standard GC chemotherapy (6, 7), the combination of GC and anti-PD-L1/PD-1 therapy (GCP) achieved robust and sustained overall survival benefit (8, 9), opening a new era of first-line treatment for advanced cholangiocarcinoma.