CD81 and neoplasm: Our scRNA-seq analyses revealed significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment following GCP therapy: tumor-infiltrating macrophages underwent a distinct antitumor phenotypic shift, transitioning from M2 toward M1 polarization; concurrently, CD8+ T cells exhibited enhanced costimulatory signaling characterized by CD81 upregulation and malignant cells demonstrated diminished immune escape characteristics alongside heightened activity in immune response-related pathways.