TLR4 and Insulin resistance: Dietary SFAs, such as palmitic acid and lauric acid (C:12), activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathways, leading to the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6, a pleiotropic cytokine associated with insulin resistance (20, 21).