Relevant English-language studies were identified through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar up to May 2025 using combinations of the terms “GLP-1 receptor agonist,” “SGLT2 inhibitor,” “gut microbiota,” “type 2 diabetes,” “renal,” and “cardiovascular.” Both preclinical and clinical investigations were considered, with an emphasis on peer-reviewed studies addressing microbiota composition, metabolite shifts, and systemic effects. Here, SLC5A2 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.