HMOX1 and breast cancer: In the present exploratory study, transcriptomic analysis revealed that LSBE carotenoids modulated key nonenzymatic antioxidant pathways by upregulating RCAN1, TP53INP1, HMOX1, SQSTM1, LDLR, PPARG, and NFE2L1, thereby attenuating oxidative stress in TNBC cells, consistent with recent evidence highlighting the antioxidant and cytoprotective role of natural carotenoid extracts (Bufka et al. 2024), emphasizing their potential as complementary agents to improve redox balance in breast cancer therapy.