This review integrates recent single‐cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomic discoveries to delineate key pathogenic cell populations—including aberrant basaloids and IPF‐related alveolar type 2 cells (IR_AT2), CTHRC1+ and meflin+ fibroblasts, and SPP1hi macrophages—and their signaling crosstalk through pathways such as transforming growth factor β(TGF‐β), Hippo, and Hedgehog. The gene discussed is ISLR; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.