ATG14 and neoplasm: Although ULK1 mRNA expression is comparable between healthy patients and those with tumors from human PDAC datasets (TCGA) (Supplementary Fig. 1), our multi-IHC and immunoblot analysis revealed elevated ULK1 activity—as marked by phospho-Atg14 levels (pAtg14)—in high-grade human PDAC tissues and cells (Fig. 1), suggesting that ULK1 activity, rather than its expression, is important for tumor progression.