NOS2 and Hypoglycemia: Herein, we found that hypoglycemic stress significantly increased urea and its metabolic derivatives ornithine and putrescine, which in turn triggered astrocyte reactivity and microglial activation, accompanied by elevated expression of inflammatory markers, including iNOS and NFκB.37,47 These findings revealed that urea and its downstream metabolites actively contribute to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative cascades under hypoglycemia.