KDR and neoplasm: Figure 4e represents the interaction network of candidate genes and hub genes, with larger nodes and darker colors indicating higher BC values. We observed that the hub genes have the highest number of shortest paths passing through them, highlighting their critical role in facilitating inter-node communication. Notably, KDR plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and exhibits genetic interactions with multiple angiogenesis-related genes, contributing to tumor vascularization and drug resistance in ccRCC [43].