For example, several cytokines, such as CXCL13, CCL8, and TNF, which relate to B-cell and lymphoid structure biology, monocyte/macrophage recruitment, and classical pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, diagnostic auto-antibodies, such as anti-SSA, anti-dsDNA, and anti-C4, as well as disease activity and urinalysis abnormalities consistent with lupus nephritis, strongly segregate individuals, being significantly associated to patient clusters across approaches. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL13 and lupus nephritis.