VMA21 and infection: Functional gene analysis indicated an expected increase in antiviral gene expression, such as IFN regulatory factor 7 (Fig. 2D), and shortened 3’UTRs for both vascular membrane protein 21 (VMA21, Fig. 2E) and TBC1 domain family member 12 (TBC1D12, Fig. 2F), although the shifts toward proximal polyadenylation sites for both VMA21 and TBC1D12 were less pronounced following infection with mutant HIV-1 than with wild-type HIV-1.