Its latest diagnostic criteria require the simultaneous satisfaction of: two mandatory criteria (polyneuropathy and monoclonal plasma cell abnormality), at least one major criterion (osteosclerotic lesions/Castleman disease/elevated VEGF), and at least one minor criterion (such as thrombocytosis, endocrine disorders, organomegaly, ascites, etc.)(12). Here, VEGFA is linked to endocrine system disorder.