Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that QE exerts hepatoprotective effects in both acute and chronic liver injury models, potentially improving MASLD by enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing hepatic triglyceride accumulation, and attenuating liver damage (Yang et al. 2019; Sotiropoulou et al. 2021; Kim et al. 2015; Marcolin et al. 2013; Cao et al. 2023). Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.