INS and Insulin resistance: Beyond their metabolic derangements- hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and low-grade systemic inflammation-these disorders are now recognized to exist at an immunometabolic interface profoundly influenced by infectious agent The bidirectional relationship between infections and metabolic dysregulation highlighting how acute and chronic infections contribute to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and systemic inflammation, while metabolic dysregulation impairs immune competence, predisposing individuals to recurrent and severe infections.