TNF and Insulin resistance: Reduces inflammation, insulin resistance, gut microflora imbalance, elevates Ucp1, enhances thermogenesis, alleviates insulin resistance (PI3K/AKT, AMPK, GLUT4), anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1), modulates gut microbiome, reduces oxidative stress, enhances neuromuscular performance, improves exercise performance, accelerates muscle recovery, modulates growth factors (IGF-I), mitigates mitochondrial oxidative stress, attenuates muscle atrophy (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1, NF-κB inhibition, HO-1 activation).