To move beyond MSI/dMMR as the dominant predictive marker, multiparameter biomarker panels are needed that integrate tumour mutational burden/neoantigen quality, spatial immune phenotypes (T-cell inflamed vs immune-desert archetypes), WNT/TGF-β pathway activation, and epigenetic signatures (chemokine promoter methylation, histone modification profiles and chromatin accessibility in tumour and immune cells) (250, 255, 256). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.