TGFB1 and neoplasm: This finding is particularly significant in the context of overcoming TGF-β-mediated immunosuppression, as IFN-γ can counteract the immunosuppressive effects of TGF-β and enhance the cytotoxic activity of T cells against tumor cells.39 Interestingly, we observed an increase in IL-2 production by dnTβRII T cells following TGF-β exposure, while other activation markers, including CD69 expression, proliferation and IFN-γ production, remained unchanged.