It is worth noting that several studies have used the CAR T cells co-expressing dnTβRII to improve anti-tumor activity of CAR T cells in TGF-β-rich TMEs.18,20,41 However, in TME with high TGF-β concentrations, the CAR T cells co-expressing dnTβRII may experience incomplete neutralization of TGF-β suppression, overpowering the decoy receptor and diminishing their anti-tumor efficacy. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.