TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF-β, a cytokine with a dual role in cancer biology, can regulate cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, invasion, and immune responses.3 It is a key player in tumor progression, acting as a master regulator of immune responses within the TME.4 Its pleiotropic effects include the suppression of immune surveillance, the promotion of immune tolerance, and the facilitation of tumor immune evasion.5 There are three known isoforms of TGF-β in mammalian cells: TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3.