PCSK9 and myocardial infarction: Additionally, multiple therapies have entered clinical research stages, including EVs for myocardial infarction (Wang H. et al., 2025); LNP-based RNAi therapies are expanding into cardiovascular applications, with siRNA targeting PCSK9 already successfully used for lipid-lowering treatment (Teng et al., 2025); CAR-MΦ therapy shows great potential against fibrosis by specifically clearing activated CFs, and the first clinical study evaluating CAR-MΦ for post-myocardial infarction fibrosis is in preparation, with patient recruitment expected to begin in 2026 (Liu Z. et al., 2025).