This ML-assisted framework integrated baseline patient characteristics including age, sex, stage, histology, PDL1 tumor proportion score, driver oncogene status (as EGFR mutation, ALK fusion, ROS proto-oncogene 1 receptor tyrosine kinase (ROS1) fusion, and B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) mutation), patient’s anticancer treatment histories, laboratories findings and radiomics features of the primary tumor from contrast-enhanced CT images [110]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.