ODC1 and cancer: Studies have shown that increased ODC1 and polyamines promote various cancer malignancy, including EC27, by participating in cancer proliferation28,29, metastasis30, immune evasion31–34, and interacting with gut microbiota24–26, by interacting with multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including ER, MYC, PTEN-PI3K-mTORC1, WNT signaling, and RAS pathways25.