ZBP1 and neoplasm: We have demonstrated that, while TLR9 mRNA levels were unchanged after DNA GET, mRNA levels of specific DNA sensors (ZBP1, ddx60 and ifi204) and IFNβ1 were upregulated in tumour cells, which could be the mechanism behind the observed anti-tumour effects of DNA GET.76–78 We have demonstrated this observation in WEHI164 fibrosarcoma cells, TS/A mammary adenocarcinoma cells76 and in B16F10 melanoma cells78, spheroids89 and tumours.75,77,80,88 B16F10 tumours respond to plasmid DNA GET with the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and ifi204 mRNA upregulation.77