MMP9 and neoplasm: This role for MMPs in tumor pathophysiology also makes them a potential therapeutic target, and high levels of MMP2, MMP9, MMP15, MMP16 have been shown to be expressed in GBM tumor cells and associated with poor prognoses (Pullen et al. 2018; Marino et al. 2023; Han et al. 2021; Aitchison et al. 2025; Thome et al. 2020).