TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: For example, the application of biological agents, such as TNF inhibitors, in the treatment of RA has been proved to reduce the risk of AD.[23] Additionally, experimental data from animal models supported the therapeutic potential of anti-TNF drugs via intrathecal or intracerebroventricular administration, which could improve cognitive function by reducing TNF-α levels and subsequent Aβ deposition.[44,45]