CD274 and neoplasm: Among the markers explored, PD-L1 expression on tumor cells, microsatellite instability status, and tumor mutational burden have garnered attention; however, these biomarkers often require invasive tissue biopsies and may not consistently correlate with clinical outcomes in AGC.[6,7] Consequently, there is an increasing demand for simple, noninvasive, and reproducible biomarkers that accurately reflect the immune-inflammatory environment and provide prognostic insights.