GDF15 and heart failure: In one investigation of 1201 heart failure patients (n = 1201), GDF15 concentrations, while associated with clinical outcomes, failed to demonstrate independent mortality prediction after multivariable adjustment.[25] Binder et al similarly documented links between GDF15 concentrations and heart failure hospitalizations/mortality, though not with ventricular arrhythmias.[26] These inconsistencies may stem from population diversity; cohorts with heart failure frequently present intricate comorbidity patterns that could obscure GDF15-mortality associations.